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IME20261a faseQuestao 21InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)MediaText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
Which statement best summarizes the main concern raised by the study's lead author, Nataliya Kosmyna?
- A)All models like ChatGPT are inaccurate and produce low-quality content.
- B)Reliance on LLMs for convenience may compromise long-term cognitive development.
- C)ChatGPT users tend to outperform others in academic writing.
- D)Traditional search engines are now obsolete compared to LLMs.
- E)The use of AI is harmful to learning.
IME20261a faseQuestao 22InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)MediaText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
What pattern was observed in the group that used ChatGPT throughout the study?
- A)Increased creativity and memory performance over time.
- B)Decreased neural engagement and growing reliance on AI-generated content.
- C)Improvement in writing quality and satisfaction.
- D)Satisfactory neural engagement, despite the constant dependence on AI.
- E)Use of diverse vocabulary and writing styles.
IME20261a faseQuestao 23InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)MediaText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
How did the essays written by the ChatGPT group compare to those written by the other groups, according to the teachers?
- A)More detailed and emotionally expressive.
- B)Grammatically superior and well-structured.
- C)Homogeneous and lacking originality.
- D)Highly creative but less factual.
- E)Grammatically correct but without cohesion.
IME20261a faseQuestao 24InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)MediaText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
Which neural frequency bands were most active in the brain-only group, indicating cognitive engagement?
- A)Beta and gamma bands.
- B)Alpha, theta and delta bands.
- C)Delta and beta bands.
- D)Theta and beta bands.
- E)Alpha, theta and gamma.
IME20261a faseQuestao 25InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)DificilText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
What outcome followed when the ChatGPT group was asked to re-write an essay without using ChatGPT?
- A)Demonstrating improved neural activity and writing quality.
- B)Showing low recall and diminished brainwave activity.
- C)Relying more heavily on memory and creativity.
- D)Experiencing increased satisfaction with the new essay.
- E)Being practically unable to write.
IME20261a faseQuestao 26InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)MediaText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
What distinguishes the Google Search group's results from those of the ChatGPT group?
- A)Having lower memory retention but higher writing quality.
- B)Producing essays with the lowest linguistic accuracy.
- C)Reporting high satisfaction and maintained active brain engagement.
- D)Not being included in the re-writing phase.
- E)Consistently outperforming the ChatGPT group in speed of writing.
IME20261a faseQuestao 27InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)DificilText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
What did the EEG data suggest about ChatGPT users' executive control during essay writing?
- A)Being higher than that of the brain-only group.
- B)Declining over time, indicating reduced attentional engagement.
- C)Remaining stable across all three essays.
- D)Improving when they used Google Search as well.
- E)Matching that of the Google Search group.
IME20261a faseQuestao 28InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)DificilText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
Based on the brain-only group's later use of ChatGPT, researchers expressed the following hope:
- A)Eliminating AI from education.
- B)Replacing traditional research tools with LLMs.
- C)Enhancing learning through correct application of AI.
- D)Outperforming human-only writing in all cases.
- E)Eliminating the need for students to practice writing.
IME20261a faseQuestao 29InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)DificilText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
Researchers highlighted the following main difference between using Google Search and AI chatbots for information gathering:
- A)Google Search encourages more active brain engagement.
- B)AI chatbots provide more accurate factual information.
- C)Google Search eliminates the need for critical thinking.
- D)AI chatbots always produce more creative responses.
- E)Google Search reduces satisfaction with the final work.
IME20261a faseQuestao 30InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)MediaText 1 — ChatGPT May Be Eroding Critical Thinking Skills, According to a New MIT Study
By Andrew R. Chow
The study divided 54 subjects — 18 to 39 year-olds from the Boston area — into three groups, and asked them to write several SAT essays using OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's search engine, and nothing at all, respectively. Researchers used an (electroencephalogram) EEG to record the writers' brain activity across 32 regions, and found that of the three groups, ChatGPT users had the lowest brain engagement and "consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels." Over the course of several months, ChatGPT users got lazier with each subsequent essay, often resorting to copy-and-paste by the end of the study.
The paper suggests that the usage of (Large Language Model) LLMs could actually harm learning, especially for younger users. The paper has not yet been peer reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. But its paper's main author Nataliya Kosmyna felt it was important to release the findings to elevate concerns that as society increasingly relies upon LLMs for immediate convenience, long-term brain development may be sacrificed in the process.
The group that wrote essays using ChatGPT all delivered extremely similar essays that lacked original thought, relying on the same expressions and ideas. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely "soulless." The EEGs revealed low executive control and attentional engagement. And by their third essay, many of the writers simply gave the prompt to ChatGPT and had it do almost all of the work: "It was more like, just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done," Kosmyna says.
The brain-only group, conversely, showed the highest neural connectivity, especially in alpha, theta and delta bands, which are associated with creativity ideation, memory load, and semantic processing. Researchers found this group was more engaged and curious, and claimed ownership and expressed higher satisfaction with their essays.
The third group, which used Google Search, also expressed high satisfaction and active brain function. The difference here is notable because many people now search for information within AI chatbots as opposed to Google Search.
After writing the three essays, the subjects were then asked to re-write one of their previous efforts — but the ChatGPT group had to do so without the tool, while the brain-only group could now use ChatGPT. The first group remembered little of their own essays, and showed weaker alpha and theta brain waves, which likely reflected a bypassing of deep memory processes.
The second group, in contrast, performed well, exhibiting a significant increase in brain connectivity across all EEG frequency bands. This gives rise to the hope that AI, if used properly, could enhance learning as opposed to diminishing it.
(Adapted from TIME, time.com. Accessed on 15th July 2025.)
———
Why did the researchers mention the small sample size?
- A)Highlighting that the results are preliminary and should be interpreted cautiously.
- B)Showing that the study's conclusions are already universally accepted.
- C)Emphasizing that ChatGPT always decreases brain activity.
- D)Explaining why the brain-only group had better results.
- E)Proving that LLMs cannot be studied scientifically.
IME20261a faseQuestao 31InglêsReading comprehension (atribuição de fala)MediaText 2 — The Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Automotive Industry
Looking at the environmental, economical, and political impact of electric vehicles.
By Patrick Peterson of GoodCar
1 Electric vehicles (EVs) have had a remarkable glow-up in a relatively short period. It wasn't so long ago that
2 public opinion labeled them as overpriced, inefficient options with poor mileage to boot.
3 However, rising climate concerns and the volatility of gas prices have pushed more people to refresh their
4 understanding of the technology. While misinformation is rampant, people's faith in EVs has risen enough that
5 over 40 percent of Americans would seriously consider making the switch.
6 Growing interest pressures manufacturers to reorganize their supply chains with a stronger emphasis on EVs.
7 This sounds simple, but there are significant differences in EV development compared to gas-powered cars.
8 The longstanding dominance of gas-powered vehicles makes most people believe it was the only option up
9 until now. But that's wrong. The idea of electric vehicles has been experimented with since the early 1800s.
10 Robert Anderson is credited for inventing the first electric vehicle. The Scottish inventor used primary cells
11 (single-use batteries) to power a motor he fixed to a carriage. This idea for a "horseless carriage" was a pivotal
12 moment in history that gave future inventors a foundation to work on.
13 Jump to today, and EVs have skyrocketed in popularity. They've proven to be a more sustainable option and
14 have a lower overall cost than gas-powered cars.
15 Opponents of adopting EVs argue that battery-powered vehicles aren't entirely emission-free. And they're
16 right. Carbon emissions are created during the manufacturing process and when charging the battery. This
17 is because fossil fuels are required to mine the minerals used in batteries and to generate the power used to
18 recharge them.
19 However, these emissions are substantially lower than those released by cars using an internal combustion
20 engine. A study performed by MIT found that electric-powered cars created about 25 percent fewer carbon
21 emissions per mile than a gasoline alternative.
22 This study even assumed the cars were in less eco-friendly states. When Washington was used as the
23 backdrop, the study reported that an EV would create 61 percent fewer emissions. This is due to Washington
24 drawing a lot of its energy from hydropower. Norway, Europe's biggest EV market, takes a similar approach.
25 Over half of Americans are willing to pay more for sustainably responsible products. A comparable number of
26 citizens say the same thing about gasoline. This support for greener brands shows the automotive industry how
27 the future will look.
28 Manufacturers' supply and production procedures must start adapting now to prepare for the future. There
29 are even various government incentives to make the process easier.
(Adapted from unsustainablemagazine.com. Accessed on 9th July 2025.)
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Mark the option that best captures the author's tone throughout the article:
- A)Sarcastic and dismissive.
- B)Informative and optimistic.
- C)Apologetic and uncertain.
- D)Critical and disapproving.
- E)Detached and indifferent.
IME20261a faseQuestao 32InglêsVocabulárioMediaText 2 — The Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Automotive Industry
Looking at the environmental, economical, and political impact of electric vehicles.
By Patrick Peterson of GoodCar
1 Electric vehicles (EVs) have had a remarkable glow-up in a relatively short period. It wasn't so long ago that
2 public opinion labeled them as overpriced, inefficient options with poor mileage to boot.
3 However, rising climate concerns and the volatility of gas prices have pushed more people to refresh their
4 understanding of the technology. While misinformation is rampant, people's faith in EVs has risen enough that
5 over 40 percent of Americans would seriously consider making the switch.
6 Growing interest pressures manufacturers to reorganize their supply chains with a stronger emphasis on EVs.
7 This sounds simple, but there are significant differences in EV development compared to gas-powered cars.
8 The longstanding dominance of gas-powered vehicles makes most people believe it was the only option up
9 until now. But that's wrong. The idea of electric vehicles has been experimented with since the early 1800s.
10 Robert Anderson is credited for inventing the first electric vehicle. The Scottish inventor used primary cells
11 (single-use batteries) to power a motor he fixed to a carriage. This idea for a "horseless carriage" was a pivotal
12 moment in history that gave future inventors a foundation to work on.
13 Jump to today, and EVs have skyrocketed in popularity. They've proven to be a more sustainable option and
14 have a lower overall cost than gas-powered cars.
15 Opponents of adopting EVs argue that battery-powered vehicles aren't entirely emission-free. And they're
16 right. Carbon emissions are created during the manufacturing process and when charging the battery. This
17 is because fossil fuels are required to mine the minerals used in batteries and to generate the power used to
18 recharge them.
19 However, these emissions are substantially lower than those released by cars using an internal combustion
20 engine. A study performed by MIT found that electric-powered cars created about 25 percent fewer carbon
21 emissions per mile than a gasoline alternative.
22 This study even assumed the cars were in less eco-friendly states. When Washington was used as the
23 backdrop, the study reported that an EV would create 61 percent fewer emissions. This is due to Washington
24 drawing a lot of its energy from hydropower. Norway, Europe's biggest EV market, takes a similar approach.
25 Over half of Americans are willing to pay more for sustainably responsible products. A comparable number of
26 citizens say the same thing about gasoline. This support for greener brands shows the automotive industry how
27 the future will look.
28 Manufacturers' supply and production procedures must start adapting now to prepare for the future. There
29 are even various government incentives to make the process easier.
(Adapted from unsustainablemagazine.com. Accessed on 9th July 2025.)
———
Mark the option that shows the most accurate meaning of the highlighted word in the sentence below: "Electric vehicles (EVs) have had a remarkable glow-up in a relatively short period." (line 1)
- A)A dramatic improvement in appearance or status.
- B)An increase in heat or combustion.
- C)A gradual decline in popularity.
- D)A malfunction in the electric system.
- E)A government-funded promotional campaign.