Interpretação de texto: questões do IME

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XAI-Explainable artificial intelligence Gunning, D., Stefik, M., Choi, J., Miller, T., Stumpf, S. e Yang, G-Z Recent successes in machine learning (ML) have led to a new wave of artificial intelligence (AI) applications that offer extensive benefits to a (21) range of fields. However, many of these systems are not able to explain their (22) decisions and actions to human users. Explanations may not be essential for certain AI applications, and some AI researchers argue that the emphasis on explanation is misplaced, too difficult to achieve, and perhaps unnecessary. However, for many critical applications in defense, medicine, finance, and law, explanations are essential for users to understand, trust, and effectively manage these new, artificially intelligent partners. Recent AI successes are largely attributed to new ML techniques that construct models in their internal representations. These include support vector machines (SVMs), random forests, probabilistic graphical models, reinforcement learning (RL), and deep learning (DL) neural networks. Although these models exhibit high performance, they are opaque in terms of explainability. There may be inherent conflict between ML performance (e.g., predictive accuracy) and explainability. Often, the highest performing methods (e.g., DL) are the least explainable, and the most explainable (e.g., decision trees) are the least accurate. The (23) of an explainable AI (XAI) system is to make its behavior more intelligible to humans by providing explanations. There are some general principles to help create effective, more human-understandable AI systems: The XAI system should be able to explain its capabilities and understandings; explain what it has done, what it is doing now, and what will happen next; and disclose the salient information that it is acting on. However, every explanation is set within a context that depends (24) the task, abilities, and expectations of the user of the AI system. The definitions of interpretability and explainability are, thus, domain dependent and may not be defined independently from a domain. Explanations can be full or partial. Models that are fully interpretable give full and completely (25) explanations. Models that are partially interpretable reveal important pieces of their (26) process. Interpretable models obey “interpretability constraints” that are defined according to the domain, whereas black box or unconstrained models do not necessarily obey these constraints. Partial explanations may include variable importance measures, local models that approximate global models at specific points and saliency maps. XAI assumes that an explanation is (27) to an “end user” who depends on the decisions, recommendations, or actions produced by an AI system yet there could be many different kinds of users, often (28) different time points in the development and use of the system. For example, a type of user might be an intelligence analyst, judge or an operator. However, other users who demand an explanation of the system might be a developer or test operator who needs to understand where there might be areas of improvements. Yet another user might be policy-makers, who are trying to (29) the fairness of the system. Each user group may have a preferred explanation type that is able to communicate information in the most effective way. An effective explanation will take the target user group of the system into account, who might vary in their background knowledge and needs for what should be explained. A number of ways of evaluating and measuring the effectiveness of an explanation have been proposed, however, there is currently no common means of measuring if an XAI system is more intelligible to a user than a non-XAI system. Some of these measures are subjective measures from the user’s point of view, such as user (30) which can be measured through a subjective rating of the clarity and utility of an explanation. More objective measures for an explanation’s effectiveness might be task performance, i.e., does the explanation improve the user’s decision-making. Reliable and consistent measurement of the effects of explanations is still an open research question. Evaluation and measurement for XAI systems include valuation frameworks, common ground, common sense, and argumentation. (... ) From a human-centered research perspective, research on competencies and knowledge could take XAI (31) the role of explaining a particular XAI system and helping its users to determine appropriate trust. In the future, XAIs may eventually have substantial social roles. These roles could include not only learning and explaining to individuals but also coordinating with other agents to connect knowledge, developing cross-disciplinary insights and common ground, partnering in teaching people and other agents, and drawing on previously discovered knowledge to accelerate the further discovery and application of knowledge. From such a social perspective of knowledge understanding and generation, the future (32) XAI is just beginning. Adapted from: Science Robotics in <https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.aay7120> [Accessed on Overview of current additive manufacturing technologies and selected applications Horn, T..J. e Harrysson, O.L Three-dimensional printing or rapid prototyping are processes by which components are fabricated directly from computer models by selectively curing, depositing or consolidating materials in successive layers. These technologies have traditionally been limited to the fabrication of models suitable for product visualization but, over the past decade, have quickly developed into a new paradigm called additive manufacturing. It remains to be seen what the long term implications of additive manufacturing will be. In many regards, it is a technology that is still in its infancy and it represents a very small segment of manufacturing overall. That small segment is growing quickly but the future is by no means certain. Scarcely a quarter century has passed since the first stereolithography systems for rapid prototyping appeared on the market. In that short time, additive manufacturing has not only become relatively common place in science, academia, and industry, but it has also evolved from a method to quickly produce visual models into a new manufacturing paradigm. In the past two decades, revenues associated with products and services show that additive manufacturing has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry. Additive manufacturing has the potential to radically change the way in which many products are made and distributed. Throughout history, key innovations in manufacturing technology have had a profound impact on our society and our culture. An examination of the applications and technologies suggest that additive manufacturing may become a truly disruptive technology. Prior to the industrial revolution goods were typically produced by skilled artisans and were often tailored to satisfy a specific, individual demand. While this approach may have had many inherent advantages to the consumer (i.e. high quality, custom parts on demand) it is doubtful that system could have persisted under the growing demands of society. The invention of the first machine tools (that is tools capable of precisely controlling the relative motion between a tool and a work piece) along with advances in fixturing and metrology facilitated the manufacture of interchangeable parts which, in turn, supported the development of the mass production system. The model of mass production also has many clear advantages to both the producers and the consumers of products, including; high throughput, high quality and product consistency at a low unit cost. This, of course, comes at the cost of reduced product diversity. In the last century, the means by which many goods are manufactured has been radically enhanced by computer controlled machinery and automation. However, in general, the basic methods and materials are quite similar to those used at the turn of the 19th century. Bulk materials must still be either cut, formed, or molded in order to fabricate value-added products. In fact, a large portion of the products that we consume or use at the present time are manufactured using processes like forming, injection molding, casting, extrusion, stamping, and machining. Each one of these processes requires some form of tooling (mold, die, flask, stamp, fixture, etc.). For instance, if we consider casting an exhaust manifold in steel we must first design and fabricate a sand or investment mold with the negative shape of the final part. A metal stamped part, as simple as a washer, requires a die and a large stamping press in order to be produced. A simple plastic cover for a smart phone requires an injection mold that may cost thousands of dollars and an injection molding machine that may costs hundreds of thousands to millions of dollars. The cost and time dedicated to the design and fabrication of tooling that supports mass production represents a significant percentage of the total cost of a product. The natural result of high tooling costs is that within a given mass production system there is an inverse relationship between the quantity of a product that is produced and the variety of product designs available. It is necessary that we recognize that production tooling is not only expensive, but it also constrains the design of products based on innate limitations imposed by the various mass production processes. This is a widely studied area of manufacturing known as design for manufacture (DFM). As a brief example, consider a plastic injection molded part. One of the key limitations is that the mold must provide for the easy removal of the part. This means that the part must have slightly outward sloping surfaces (called positive draft), as inward sloping surfaces would essentially lock the part to the mold like a dovetail making it impossible to remove. Further, the injection mold itself must be precisely machined, ground, and polished from a block of metal, and the processes that are used to do that, like milling with a cutting tool, also have similar limitations (i.e. the cutting tool must be able to access the feature that will be cut). Increasing the complexity of the part to better serve a given function can drive up the cost of the tooling required for producing it and, in many cases, the optimal design for a given purpose is impossible to produce using traditional mass production methods. Additive manufacturing represents a fundamentally new method of part fabrication. It is the process of fabricating components directly from 3D computer models by selectively depositing, curing, or consolidating materials one layer upon the next. Each layer represents the cross-sectional geometry of the part at a given height. This is a stark contrast to traditional manufacturing processes like forming, casting, and machining because tooling is not required to produce a part. The freeform nature of additive manufacturing is therefore changing the way we look at traditional DFM constraints. In many cases the traditional constraints no longer apply. By building parts additively, in layers, components can be manufactured with extremely complex geometries, such as internal channels, undercut features, or engineered lattice structures with controlled and/or variable porosity. These are features that are extremely difficult or impossible to produce with traditional methods. The implication of this is quite simple to recognize but at the same time has a profound result. Removing the need for tooling facilitates the economical production of small lot sizes of parts (as low as one) without sacrificing interchangeability, thereby reducing the lead time for production (because the tools do not need to be produced), allowing flexibility in the supply chain and the production location (parts can be made where and when they are demanded), and raising the possibility of transitioning from a system of mass production to one off mass customization. It also means that design changes incur much less cost in production so products can potentially be customized to conform to the needs of the individual consumer. In many ways this concept goes far beyond the definition of most existing mass customization models in which mass produced components are fabricated and then assembled on demand to specific customer orders. Adapted from: Sage Journals. Available at:<https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3184/003685012X134209844630 47> [Accessed on 10th March 2022]. Considering both Text 1 and Text 2, the main idea presented in Text 1 and Text 2 is related to:

A)three-dimensional printing being still embryonic.
B)the way researchers deal with new technologies and their applications.
C)the benefits surrounding computer science.
D)the generation of jobs due to new technologies.
E)new concepts of engineering.

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Text 2 Chariot Rodrigo Quijada Plubins Definition The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus. Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations. The Horse The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots. Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested. Invention of the Chariot The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance. There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented. The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms. We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands. Charioteers & Warfare The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon. (...) Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source. The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot. Decline in Use The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE. Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021]. BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ) CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini) ——— Choose the correct option:

A)Earlier than 1700 BCE, horse-driven chariots were a strong symbol of military power.
B)Chariots drawn by donkeys were used solely to help human beings hunt with the use of javelins.
C)Weighty chariots were not used for military purposes but for ploughing.
D)Chariots were used for fighting and, frequently, there were two people on it.
E)In the beginning, most chariots were used to help raise cattle, the basic economic activity.

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Text 2 Chariot Rodrigo Quijada Plubins Definition The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus. Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations. The Horse The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots. Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested. Invention of the Chariot The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance. There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented. The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms. We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands. Charioteers & Warfare The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon. (...) Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source. The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot. Decline in Use The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE. Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021]. BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ) CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini) ——— Choose the correct option:

A)Originally, horses could be found in villages where some human societies lived continuously.
B)It seems researchers have found out the way horses became domestic animals for the first time. It occurred in 2000 BCE.
C)Horses were not first brought under control to be used as means for transportation. They were a source of food.
D)Inhabitants from the steppe learned the concept of the wheel from people living close to the Ural mountains.
E)Northern and southern areas had had more business transactions when the wheel became known by steppe dwellers.

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Text 2 Chariot Rodrigo Quijada Plubins Definition The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus. Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations. The Horse The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots. Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested. Invention of the Chariot The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance. There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented. The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms. We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands. Charioteers & Warfare The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon. (...) Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source. The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot. Decline in Use The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE. Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021]. BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ) CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini) ——— Choose the correct option:

A)In a battle, one soldier needed to aim at an enemy and another had to guarantee a long stationary position for the chariot.
B)The main war tactic had to assure safety for the ones at the back of the main group of fighters.
C)It is believed that riding a horse made people think of using a chariot for military purposes.
D)Evidence shows why riding a horse increased the breeding of horses.
E)If a person were riding a horse, a variety of military actions could be possible.

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Text 2 Chariot Rodrigo Quijada Plubins Definition The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus. Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations. The Horse The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots. Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested. Invention of the Chariot The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance. There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented. The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms. We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands. Charioteers & Warfare The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon. (...) Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source. The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot. Decline in Use The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE. Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021]. BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ) CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini) ——— Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly. The compound bow

A)wouldn't go through a body protective equipment a hundred meters away.
B)had some components which yielded better results than the common bow and arrow.
C)disappeared completely after the invention of gunpowder because it became outdated.
D)was not being used before the eighteen hundreds due to some other type of equipment.
E)would last a millennium and a half.

IME20221a faseQuestao 33InglêsInterpretação de textoDificil

Text 2 Chariot Rodrigo Quijada Plubins Definition The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus. Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations. The Horse The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots. Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested. Invention of the Chariot The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance. There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented. The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms. We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands. Charioteers & Warfare The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon. (...) Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source. The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot. Decline in Use The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE. Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021]. BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ) CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini) ——— Choose the option that completes the following sentence correctly. Regarding communities in the steppes,

A)scientists believe it is probable that the number of battles increased after the invention of the chariot, but they haven't found any clue about this.
B)a community can make a neighbor city feel the effects of heavy showers after the invention of new technology, and there is evidence of this.
C)the first group of people who mastered the wheeled invention might have taken land from neighbor communities.
D)from the invention of the chariot on, much was discovered about them, but not everything explained the way they lived.
E)the amount of pasturing land each one had was unknown until after the use of chariots in wars.

IME20221a faseQuestao 34InglêsInterpretação de textoDificil

Text 2 Chariot Rodrigo Quijada Plubins Definition The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus. Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations. The Horse The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots. Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested. Invention of the Chariot The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance. There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented. The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms. We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands. Charioteers & Warfare The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon. (...) Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source. The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot. Decline in Use The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE. Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021]. BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ) CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini) ——— Choose the correct option:

A)After horses from the steppes could no longer be imported, horse breeding became the solution.
B)It is believed that around 100 chariots might have participated in the battle of Kadesh.
C)At the time the battle of Kadesh happened, the use of chariots had increased all over Europe.
D)From China to Europe, chariots were used at the same span of time.
E)In ancient battles, there were more than three dozens of soldiers per chariot.

IME20221a faseQuestao 35InglêsInterpretação de textoDificil

Text 2 Chariot Rodrigo Quijada Plubins Definition The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, drawn by one or more horses, often carrying two standing persons, a driver and a fighter using bow-and-arrow or javelins. The chariot was the supreme military weapon in Eurasia roughly from 1700 BCE to 500 BCE but was also used for hunting purposes and in sporting contests such as the Olympic Games and in the Roman Circus Maximus. Horses were not used for transport, ploughing, warfare or any other practical human activity until quite late in history, and the chariot was the first such application. Donkeys and other animals were preferred in early civilizations. The Horse The horse’s main ecological niche was the Eurasian steppe; a very wide (4,800 km) and narrow (800 km on average) strip of grassland running roughly from Hungary to China, encompassing parts of what today is Ukrania, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. For most of ancient history, the steppe - which means “wasteland” in Russian - was the home of nomadic societies whose economy was based on herding, complemented by hunting and, to a much lesser degree, sporadic, itinerant agriculture. No cities or settled communities existed in the steppe, save a very few spots. Steppe dwellers domesticated the horse for the purpose of breeding it for food like sheep and other animals already domesticated. That process is unfortunately poorly understood, and it occurred sometime before 2500 BCE. The wheel, an invention imported from the Middle East, had arrived in the steppe around 3100 BCE. The invention of the chariot in the steppe - perhaps originally meant as an improved tool for hunting - occurred roughly by 2000 BCE, probably in the area just east of the southern Ural mountains, where the oldest chariots have been unearthed. The word for horse appears just around this date for the first time in Mesopotamia, when an increase in north-south trade through Iran is attested. Invention of the Chariot The chariot then became a moving platform from which soldiers could shoot at enemies. Arrows and javelins were the main weapons used by the fighter on board, while a second person drove the chariot. The tactic was to move constantly, in and out of the battle, shooting from a distance. There is no clear explanation as to why humans invented the chariot first, before riding the horse directly, which seems more straightforward to us. A chariot was obviously more expensive than the horse alone, and chariots could not enter or properly manoeuver in landscapes where a mounted horse can, such as hills, marshes or forests. We know people tried mounting horses very early, as we have found drawings depicting it, but those seem rare experiments that did not seem to work. The most common scholarly suggestion is that horses at that time were weaker than in the present, unsuitable for supporting a man and only after a very long period of constant, selective breeding, did a stronger horse come into being. Horses started consistently to be mounted roughly a millennium and a half after the chariot was invented. The “compound bow”, invented sometime during the second millennium BCE, was the final ingredient for the rise of a deadly ensemble. Bow and arrow were much older, and the innovation of the compound bow was the use of two types of materials, inside and outside the bow, which gave it considerably more power. Compound bows were able to accurately hit a target 300 m away, and penetrate an armour 100 m away. It was the preferred weapon of charioteers and later horseback riding societies. Its power is reflected in the fact that these bows were last used in war as recently as the 19th century CE by the Chinese, well into the age of firearms. We have scarce knowledge of what happened with the communities in the steppe once the chariot was invented. We can assume that war intensified - and some evidence about it does exist -, and those who first or better grasped the new invention stormed their neighbours, sizing valuable hunting and pasturing land rights. We truly understand the impact of the chariot only when this new form of warfare came out of the steppes and into the settled, agricultural lands. Charioteers & Warfare The first reference to charioteers comes from Syria around 1800 BCE. Over the course of the next four centuries, chariots advanced into civilization, either by direct migration of steppe people or by diffusion, and it quickly came to be the preferred elite weapon. (...) Everywhere, in Europe, the Middle East, India, and China, all rulers, from petty chiefs to great pharaohs, took the chariot as their master weapon. They started depicting themselves riding chariots, waging wars in chariots, including chariots and horses in their tombs as symbols of power, and so on. Their surrounding aristocracy, of course, followed suit, so the elite forces in every polity came to be charioteers. The horse came to be a valuable military asset, no longer a food source. Horse breeding became key for these states, and all powerful kings aspired to have the proper stables to supply their armies with chariots; imports from the steppes, though, long remained their major source. The most famous chariot battle was that of Kadesh (1294 BCE), fought between the two superpowers of the time, Egypt and Hatti (Hittites), where some 50 chariots are presumed to have participated for each side. The small number of chariots compared to infantry troops is a good indicator of how effective the chariot was: in China, the ratio was up to 25 infantry soldiers per chariot. Decline in Use The use of the chariot declined very slowly, starting around 500 BCE (and yet, in some parts of Europe the technology was just arriving at that time). First and probably foremost, because horseback riding was developed in the steppes, and slowly but surely replaced the need for chariots. The first known forces mounting horses were those of the Scythians, steppe people who in the 7th century BCE attacked the Assyrian empire on horseback. Second, because infantry, formerly helpless against chariots, became more sophisticated due to the expanding use of iron weapons (from c. 1200 BCE onwards), and to new tactics in the form of phalanx formations. Fighting the invading Romans, the Celts were probably the last people who used chariots extensively, until around the 4th century CE. Adapted from: Chariot. World History Encyclopedia. Available at: <https://www.worldhistory.org/chariot> [Accessed on 5th March 2021]. BCE – Before Common Era (or BC, Before Christ) CE – Common Era (or AD, Anno Domini) ——— Choose the correct option:

A)The Celts were the last people to use chariots except for their invaders, the Romans.
B)There must be a sole reason for the military to have stopped using chariots in battles; researches believe it is because of a sudden change of technology.
C)The Scythians were attacked by the Assyrian empire although the latter used mounted horses only in the attack.
D)The use of chariots decreased due to some factors, such as horseback riding and a rise in the use of specific weapon material.
E)In 500 BCE, some European people would abolish chariots for good since many kingdoms had their own stables. It was not necessary to import horses.

IME20221a faseQuestao 36InglêsInterpretação de textoMedia

Text 3 Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel Stefan Czypionka and Frank Kienhöfer Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulation models for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, and a bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally). (...) 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light. Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer the next advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, (38) . Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels. Unlike isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even small changes in geometry to prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a production line to be retooled during the development process and existing equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST). (...) https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019. Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/ publi- cation/335093782 Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel/link/5d4e2546299bf1995b736a54/download> ——— Choose the correct option:

A)For a car wheel to be strong, it shouldn't be light, and carbon fibre can provide the necessary strength.
B)To make and test a CFRP prototype used to be prohibitively expensive. This is why it was avoided up to sometime ago, but it has become less costly recently.
C)Simulation models are a solution to help reach some conclusions without spending what would be spent if CFRP prototypes were always built.
D)A wheel weight is not reduced by the use of CFRP materials.
E)If a vehicle that carries passengers is light, it is not safe since the wheel might not be strong enough.

IME20221a faseQuestao 37InglêsInterpretação de textoDificil

Text 3 Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel Stefan Czypionka and Frank Kienhöfer Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulation models for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, and a bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally). (...) 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light. Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer the next advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, (38) . Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels. Unlike isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even small changes in geometry to prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a production line to be retooled during the development process and existing equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST). (...) https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019. Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/ publi- cation/335093782 Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel/link/5d4e2546299bf1995b736a54/download> ——— Choose the correct option:

A)It had always been burdensome to design light and strong wheels up to some time in the past.
B)Manufacturers routinely make and test several kinds of CFRP wheels nowadays.
C)This text discusses two different kinds of wheel.
D)In a test, the wheel had some measuring devices added after its design had been approved.
E)The aluminium wheel is lighter than the CFRP wheel, but it is also cheaper.

IME20221a faseQuestao 38InglêsInterpretação de textoDificil

Text 3 Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel Stefan Czypionka and Frank Kienhöfer Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulation models for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, and a bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally). (...) 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light. Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer the next advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, (38) . Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels. Unlike isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even small changes in geometry to prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a production line to be retooled during the development process and existing equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST). (...) https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019. Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/ publi- cation/335093782 Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel/link/5d4e2546299bf1995b736a54/download> ——— To complete the blank found in the text, choose the appropriate continuation for: "Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, ______ ."

A)researches have always been using this material in tests due to the investment from the automotive industry.
B)the prevalence of CFRP wheels and corresponding published research is limited.
C)most researchers established standards that could ensure wheel safety, so there are specific performance parameters nowadays.
D)these characteristics have all reached optimal results in tests conducted by research project specialists.
E)there have never been better standards attested by industry, universities and car owners.

IME20221a faseQuestao 39InglêsInterpretação de textoMedia

Text 3 Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel Stefan Czypionka and Frank Kienhöfer Abstract — The wheel of a passenger vehicle must be designed to be safe and light. (...) Manufacturing and testing carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) prototypes is expensive. Thus, it is advantageous to develop simulation models for composite weight reduction. The simulation models can provide insight into how lighter CFRP wheels can be designed. This study presents the design development of a CFRP wheel for a high-performance roadster; the CFRP wheel is offered by an automotive manufacturer as a high-performance option instead of aluminium wheels. Finite element (FE) simulations were initially conducted assuming an isotropic material. This initial model was used to eliminate stress concentrations and to design and manufacture an initial CFRP wheel. The CFRP wheel weight is 6.8 kg as compared to the original aluminium wheel which weighs 8.1 kg. This initial design passed the dynamic cornering fatigue test (the most stringent strength test for wheels). Thereafter the wheel was instrumented with strain gauges, and a bending moment was applied to the hub using a custom-built test rig. The test rig produced a static load equivalent to the dynamic cornering fatigue test (in which the applied bending moment varies sinusoidally). (...) 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The wheel is arguably one of the most important components of a road going vehicle. It is responsible for the transmission of power from the drive components of the vehicle to the road, while also enabling the vehicle to make directional changes. Overdesigning a wheel by adding material increases the wheel mass and rotational inertia which negatively affects the vehicle’s performance and efficiency. This has led to substantial development efforts to reduce the wheel weight and rotational inertia while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the material strength. A wheel must be designed to be safe and light. Numerous research studies have been published on the development of steel and aluminium wheels. Steel and aluminium alloy wheels have arguably reached the peak of possible weight reduction and composite materials offer the next advance. Despite the tremendous potential of carbon fibre as an automotive material due to high strength, low density and superior fatigue properties, (38) . Giger and Ermanni demonstrated the development process of a CFRP motorcycle rim. However, this wheel was not tested to certified standards. Rondina et al. investigated a high volume production method for carbon fibre wheels. The paper simulated the production process; however, no certified wheel appears to have been produced. As early as 1979, studies have been conducted into the viability of composites for use as automotive wheels. Unlike isotropic materials, CFRP components are expensive to test and certify. Even small changes in geometry to prevent failure or reduce stresses could cause a production line to be retooled during the development process and existing equipment to be scrapped. This research paper illustrates the development of a validated finite element (FE) model to investigate laminate configurations to improve the stiffness of the CFRP wheel and be 18% lighter than the original aluminium wheel. The case study is of an original equipment (OE) wheel designed and manufactured by Blackstone Tek (BST). (...) https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0018 Received Jan 28, 2019; accepted Feb 25, 2019. Adapted from: Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/ publi- cation/335093782 Weight reduction of a carbon fibre composite wheel/link/5d4e2546299bf1995b736a54/download> ——— Choose the correct option that completes the following sentence. Composite wheels

A)cannot have their weight reduced anymore.
B)give an idea of what possible uses they can have only if models are properly simulated.
C)have been considered better than other ones according to a series of tests since 1979.
D)might not be in production line unless existing equipment is created.
E)are regarded as a promising alternative to metal wheels.

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