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ITA20261a faseQuestao 39InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasMediaThe voluminous literature dealing with the idea of human progress is decidedly a mixed bag. While some of these writings are impressive and even inspiring, many of them are superficial, perhaps even ridiculous, in their reiteration (especially during the nineteenth century) of the comforting prospect that every day in every way we are growing better and better.
This kind of foolishness is manifested especially in discussions of such matters as economic, political, and moral progress, and of progress in art.[…]
From time to time, there seems to be real and measurable improvement in these areas. At other times the opposite seems equally to be the case. Thus the fervent belief of writers like the French sociophilosopher Auguste Comte in the inevitability of progress in all fields of human endeavor must be viewed as insupportable. We cannot accept it any longer, even if we once thought it was true.
Progress in human knowledge is another matter. Here it is possible to argue cogently that progress is in the nature of things. "Not only does each individual progress from day to day", wrote French philosopher, mathematician, and mystic Blaise Pascal, "but mankind as a whole constantly progresses… in proportion as the universe grows older." The essence of man as a rational being, as a later historian would put it, is that he develops his potential capacities by accumulating the experience of past generations.
Just as in our individual lives we learn more and more from day to day and from year to year because we remember some at least of what we have learned and add our new knowledge to it, so in the history of the race the collective memory retains at least some knowledge from the past to which is added every new discovery.
The memories of individuals fail and the persons die, but the memory of the race is eternal, or at least it can be expected to endure as long as human beings continue to write books and read them, or – which becomes more and more common – store up their knowledge in other mediums for the use of future generations.
(Fonte: VAN DOREN, Charles. A History of Knowledge. Past, Present and Future. New York: The Random House Publishing Group, 1991, p. XV-XVI.)
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Na passagem "Here, it is possible to argue cogently that progress is in the nature of things.", a palavra COGENTLY pode ser melhor traduzida por
- A)urgentemente.
- B)indiscutivelmente.
- C)persuasivamente.
- D)indubitavelmente.
- E)concomitantemente.
ITA20261a faseQuestao 43InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasMediaBack To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans
Work has been easier for public high school teacher Brian Kerekes since last August, when he first experienced the impacts of a newly enacted Florida law to restrict students' cellphone use during class. The longtime statistics instructor, who started a new school year on Monday, now spends less time circling the classroom policing students and more time educating them on how to gather and interpret data.
Before Florida passed the ban in May 2023 - becoming the first of at least eight U.S. states to prohibit or restrict cellphone use in schools - phones proved a constant disruption in Kerekes' classroom at Tohopekaliga High School in the central Florida city of Kissimmee.
"Students were either using them to talk to someone in a different class or talk to someone on the other side of the room or just to zone out, get on TikTok or whatever," Kerekes, who's been a teacher for 17 years, said in an interview.
Fellow teachers nationwide face the same challenge, which explains why more states and districts are moving to limit or outright ban cellphones in the classroom, and even during the school day altogether. […]
The rules will look different from state to state and district to district, but all stem from the same concerns.
Seventy-two percent of high school teachers cite cellphones as a major distraction in the classroom, according to a fall 2023 Pew Research Center study. Educators also worry that constant access to social media can adversely impact kids' mental health. […]
U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy went so far as to issue a health advisory last year, warning that enough evidence exists to show social media can be unsafe for children and teens. "We are in the middle of a national youth mental health crisis," he said, "and I am concerned that social media is an important driver of that crisis, one that we must urgently address."
While social media can connect kids, make them feel less alone and offer an entertaining and creative outlet, it also exposes them to harmful content, Murthy pointed out in the advisory released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. And, as educators such as Kerekes note, some students use their phones to bully fellow students online during the school day, and in the most extreme cases, to set up fights and film them. The hope is that cellphone bans will reduce such incidents. Kerekes said he's hearing they have.
(Fonte: KATZ, Leslie. Back To School But Not To Screens: States Ramp Up Cellphone Bans. Forbes, 13 ago. 2024.)
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Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Na passagem "Fellow teachers nationwide face the same challenge, which explains why more states and districts are moving to limit or outright ban cellphones in the classroom", a palavra OUTRIGHT pode ser substituída, sem prejuízo de sentido, por
- A)partial.
- B)legal.
- C)thorough.
- D)confined.
- E)illicit.
ITA20251a faseQuestao 39InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasFacilLeia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de 37 a 39.
"In recent years, no more than a week goes by without news of a cosmic discovery worthy of banner headlines. While media gatekeepers may have developed an interest in the universe, this rise in coverage likely comes from a genuine increase in the public's appetite for science. Evidence for this abounds, from hit television shows inspired or informed by science, to the success of science fiction films starring marquee actors, and brought to the screens by celebrated producers and directors. And lately, theatrical release biopics featuring important scientists have become a genre unto itself. There's also widespread interest around the world in science festivals, science fiction conventions, and documentaries for television.
The highest grossing film of all time is by a famous director who set his story on a planet orbiting a distant star. And it features a famous actress who plays an astrobiologist. While most branches of science have ascended in this era, the field of astrophysics persistently rises to the top. I think I know why. At one time or another every one of us has looked up at night sky and wondered: What does it all mean? How does it all work? And, what is my place in the universe? [. . .]"
Fonte: TYSON, Neil DeGrasse. Astrophysics for people in a hurry. W. W. Norton & Company, 2017.
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Na passagem do texto "The highest grossing film of all time is by a famous director who set his story on a planet orbiting a distant star.", a expressão sublinhada pode ser traduzida como:
- A)O filme mais comovente.
- B)O filme mais bem produzido.
- C)O filme de maior orçamento.
- D)O filme de maior bilheteria.
- E)O filme mais aclamado pela crítica.
ITA20251a faseQuestao 44InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasFacilLeia o texto a seguir para responder às questões 43 e 44.
The early development of radar was driven primarily by military imperatives, and the targets that were to be detected were mainly aircraft and ships. It was no surprise that echoes were also received from terrain and from rainstorms, but the discovery, during World War II, that birds were often detectable was less expected. As the technology developed, and specially after transmission at the shorter 'microwave' wavelengths became commonplace, echoes from insects were also identified. In the late 1940's and the 1950's, radar technology was adapted rapidly to the needs of meteorologists, while ornithologists pioneered the use of defence and air-traffic control radars to study bird migration.
Radar observations of insects, however, were relatively sparse until the early 1960's, when radar meteorologists became rather intensely interested in a type of warm-weather echo that appeared, puzzlingly from their perspective, when there was not a cloud in sight. Perhaps spurred by the meteorologists' observations, entomologists began their own exploitation of the technology in 1968, when a rather modest radar, built by G.W. Schaefer specifically for insect observation and operated in West Africa just south of the Sahara, proved to be very effective.
Fonte: DRAKE, V.A. and REYNOLDS, D.R. Radar Entomology: Observing Insect Flight and Migration. CAB International, 2012.
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No excerto "... puzzlingly from their perspective, when there was not a cloud in sight.", retirado do 2º parágrafo, o termo PUZZLINGLY indica que os meteorologistas estavam diante de uma situação
- A)alinhada às suas expectativas.
- B)previsível e lógica.
- C)incomum, mas já observada.
- D)nova, mas esperada.
- E)inusitada e de difícil explicação.
ITA20251a faseQuestao 46InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasMediaLeia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de 45 a 48.
As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies
Many ask authors to disclose use of ChatGPT and other generative artificial intelligence
"It's all we've been talking about since November," says Patrick Franzen, publishing director for SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics. He's referring to ChatGPT, the artificial intelligence (AI)-powered chatbot unveiled that month. In response to a prompt, ChatGPT can spin out fluent and seemingly well-informed reports, essays — and scientific manuscripts. Worried about the ethics and accuracy of such content, Franzen and managers at other journals are scrambling to protect the scholarly literature from a potential flood of manuscripts written in whole or part by computer programs.
Some publishers have not yet formulated policies. Most of those that have avoid an outright ban on AI-generated text, but ask authors to disclose their use of the automated tools, as SPIE is likely to do. For now, editors and peer reviewers have few alternatives, as they lack enforcement tools. No software so far can consistently detect the synthetic text the majority of the time. [. . .]
In some cases, the resulting text is indistinguishable from what people would write. For example, researchers who read medical journal abstracts generated by ChatGPT failed to identify one-third of them as written by machine, according to a December 2022 preprint. AI developers are expected to create even more powerful versions, including ones trained specifically on scientific literature — a prospect that has sent a shock wave through the scholarly publishing industry.
So far, scientists report playing around with ChatGPT to explore its capabilities, and a few have listed ChatGPT as a co-author on manuscripts. Publishing experts worry such limited use could morph into a spike of manuscripts containing substantial chunks of AI-written text.
Fonte: BRAINARD, Jeffrey. As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies. Science, v. 379, n. 6634, 2023.
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Considerando o teor do artigo, assinale a tradução mais coerente para o título "As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies".
- A)Assim como os cientistas exploram o texto gerado por IA, jornais elaboram políticas.
- B)À medida que os cientistas exploram o texto gerado por IA, periódicos definem políticas.
- C)Enquanto os cientistas exploram o texto gerado por IA, jornais golpeiam políticas.
- D)Da mesma forma como os cientistas exploram o texto gerado por IA, periódicos fecham acordos políticos.
- E)Tal como os cientistas exploram o texto gerado por IA, periódicos rompem com as políticas.
ITA20241a faseQuestao 32InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasFacilLeia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
On the surface, there is little to distinguish the Woolf Social Club from any other hipster hangout in Seoul, South Korea. Customers perch on wooden stools at formica tables, tapping on laptops while they sip their coffee. Records and cds line the walls, soft jazz trickles from speakers. On the white wall above the bar, in big black letters, is the statement: “More dignity, less bullshit”.
It is only on closer inspection that you realise this is more than just another coffee shop. On the mugs are cartoon drawings of Virginia Woolf, an angry wolf roaring from her shirt. A bookshelf contains South Korean feminist novels and works of self-help (titles include “Lessons on Being Unmarried”) alongside “The Second Sex” by Simone de Beauvoir and “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Margaret Atwood. On the wall is a poster for an exhibition of feminist art at a nearby gallery.
“I wanted a space for like-minded women to meet and talk,” says Kim Jina, a 47-year-old former advertising executive and politician who founded the café six years ago. Kim was inspired by Woolf’s dictum that in order to write fiction, a woman needed “five hundred [pounds] a year and a room with a lock on the door”. That is, financial independence and a place to think. The café’s casual vibe is deliberate: she wanted to avoid creating barriers to entry for women who were merely curious, rather than fully committed to the movement. Besides, she adds, “If I limited myself to feminist customers, I could never make a living.”
South Korea, even its trendy capital, is a difficult place to be a woman. The wage gap between the sexes is the highest in the rich world. Traditional expectations about gender roles, beauty standards and the way women should conduct themselves remain pervasive. “Misogyny surrounds you so naturally that you barely even notice it,” says Kim. “I had no role models, so my idea of how a successful woman should be came straight from ‘Sex and the City’.” For much of her 20s and 30s, she spent most of her money on make-up and expensive handbags, partying every weekend and dreaming about meeting her version of Mr Big, the rich, smooth-talking love interest of the show’s main character, Carrie.
“I never worried about misogyny because I thought being sexually attractive was a form of power,” says Kim. “But eventually I realised that men with real power don’t wear make-up and expensive dresses.” Her epiphany came when she was passed over for promotion in favour of a male colleague. “My boss said, ‘He needs it more than you because he has a wife and a child to take care of,’ and I realised that I had been wrong to think that all I needed to do was work hard and be good at my job.”
Kim’s burgeoning feminism crystallised in the summer of 2016, after a woman was murdered in a public toilet in an upmarket part of Seoul. The killer initially claimed that he had done it because he had been ignored by women. “I lived right around the corner, and I thought: that could have been me,” says Kim. Like many other women, she was upset by media coverage that ignored the misogynist motives for his crime and blamed it entirely on his mental-health problems.
The murder prompted South Korean women to come together, initially in online communities, and discuss how to fight back against sexism. Then they took to the streets. In 2018 there was a series of protests against the widespread practice of recording illegal footage of women by hiding small cameras in public toilets or changing rooms.
Kim founded the Woolf Social Club in 2017. “I thought, we talk to each other on the internet, but it would be good to have a physical space in which to do that,” she says. “If you walk around Seoul, you see all these cafés aimed at couples, where women look pretty and lower their voices. I wanted a space where they could raise them.”
[Fonte: Lena Schipper. “Virginia Woolf is inspiring South Korean feminists”. In: The Economist, 09/05/2022, <www.economist.com/1843/2022/05/09/virginia-woolf-is-inspiring- south-korean-feminists>. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 27/08/2023.]
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In the excerpt from the second paragraph “A bookshelf contains South Korean feminist novels and works of self-help (titles include “Lessons on Being Unmarried”) alongside “The Second Sex” by Simone de Beauvoir and “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Margaret Atwood”, the underlined word expresses an idea of:
- A)scarcity.
- B)length.
- C)proximity.
- D)remoteness.
- E)width.
ITA20241a faseQuestao 34InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasFacilLeia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
On the surface, there is little to distinguish the Woolf Social Club from any other hipster hangout in Seoul, South Korea. Customers perch on wooden stools at formica tables, tapping on laptops while they sip their coffee. Records and cds line the walls, soft jazz trickles from speakers. On the white wall above the bar, in big black letters, is the statement: “More dignity, less bullshit”.
It is only on closer inspection that you realise this is more than just another coffee shop. On the mugs are cartoon drawings of Virginia Woolf, an angry wolf roaring from her shirt. A bookshelf contains South Korean feminist novels and works of self-help (titles include “Lessons on Being Unmarried”) alongside “The Second Sex” by Simone de Beauvoir and “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Margaret Atwood. On the wall is a poster for an exhibition of feminist art at a nearby gallery.
“I wanted a space for like-minded women to meet and talk,” says Kim Jina, a 47-year-old former advertising executive and politician who founded the café six years ago. Kim was inspired by Woolf’s dictum that in order to write fiction, a woman needed “five hundred [pounds] a year and a room with a lock on the door”. That is, financial independence and a place to think. The café’s casual vibe is deliberate: she wanted to avoid creating barriers to entry for women who were merely curious, rather than fully committed to the movement. Besides, she adds, “If I limited myself to feminist customers, I could never make a living.”
South Korea, even its trendy capital, is a difficult place to be a woman. The wage gap between the sexes is the highest in the rich world. Traditional expectations about gender roles, beauty standards and the way women should conduct themselves remain pervasive. “Misogyny surrounds you so naturally that you barely even notice it,” says Kim. “I had no role models, so my idea of how a successful woman should be came straight from ‘Sex and the City’.” For much of her 20s and 30s, she spent most of her money on make-up and expensive handbags, partying every weekend and dreaming about meeting her version of Mr Big, the rich, smooth-talking love interest of the show’s main character, Carrie.
“I never worried about misogyny because I thought being sexually attractive was a form of power,” says Kim. “But eventually I realised that men with real power don’t wear make-up and expensive dresses.” Her epiphany came when she was passed over for promotion in favour of a male colleague. “My boss said, ‘He needs it more than you because he has a wife and a child to take care of,’ and I realised that I had been wrong to think that all I needed to do was work hard and be good at my job.”
Kim’s burgeoning feminism crystallised in the summer of 2016, after a woman was murdered in a public toilet in an upmarket part of Seoul. The killer initially claimed that he had done it because he had been ignored by women. “I lived right around the corner, and I thought: that could have been me,” says Kim. Like many other women, she was upset by media coverage that ignored the misogynist motives for his crime and blamed it entirely on his mental-health problems.
The murder prompted South Korean women to come together, initially in online communities, and discuss how to fight back against sexism. Then they took to the streets. In 2018 there was a series of protests against the widespread practice of recording illegal footage of women by hiding small cameras in public toilets or changing rooms.
Kim founded the Woolf Social Club in 2017. “I thought, we talk to each other on the internet, but it would be good to have a physical space in which to do that,” she says. “If you walk around Seoul, you see all these cafés aimed at couples, where women look pretty and lower their voices. I wanted a space where they could raise them.”
[Fonte: Lena Schipper. “Virginia Woolf is inspiring South Korean feminists”. In: The Economist, 09/05/2022, <www.economist.com/1843/2022/05/09/virginia-woolf-is-inspiring- south-korean-feminists>. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 27/08/2023.]
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In the excerpt from the third paragraph “I wanted a space for like-minded women to meet and talk,” the underlined term expresses an idea of:
- A)appreciation.
- B)preference.
- C)similarity.
- D)fondness.
- E)contempt.
ITA20231a faseQuestao 28InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasFacilLeia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
Since the early 1990s, an interesting phenomenon has emerged in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus – some states that, despite having their own government and state apparatus, lack international recognition. Even today, the struggle of these unrecognised states remains widely unknown. While these states have been the focus of much academic study, their very existence is often neglected by both the international community and societies in the West. In parallel, there exist in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus distinct peoples who have neither acquired recognised statehood nor any significant representation within their own countries – they are the so-called unrepresented peoples.
Today, the territory of the former Soviet Union in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus is somewhat unique for its relatively high concentration of unrecognised states and unrepresented peoples. Each of them has varying degrees of independence and autonomy. Some have de facto statehood, whereas others are distinct peoples with little to no representation or territorial autonomy. Although different, these peoples seem to have one common goal – self-determination.
The benefits of recognised statehood are numerous and often taken for granted – countries have access to various forms of international funding, for example from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF); their citizens can travel, assured that their passports will be accepted in another country; and they have a voice at international forums like the United Nations (UN), which can be an opportunity to influence international outcomes in their favour. Unrecognised states, on the other hand, are isolated internationally and can be forced to rely upon a patron state which offers them all kinds of help in exchange for their allegiance. This dependency on a patron-client relationship can lead to the client state being used as a political tool by its patron.
One key issue facing most unrecognised states is the restriction on movement imposed on their people. Because their de facto nationality is not recognised internationally, their locally-issued passports or travel documents are not considered valid for travel or entry into another country. The only way for them to travel abroad is to receive a passport from a neighbouring country, or to travel to the few countries that do recognise them. It happens that some people living in de facto states are entitled to other citizenships. In addition to unrecognised states, there also exists a number of unrepresented peoples – that is, distinct ethnic and linguistic groups that enjoy little or no representation both internationally and domestically. These peoples struggle even more for self-determination since they do not have their own autonomous territory. They find themselves even more vulnerable and are often at best ignored, or worse persecuted.
Fonte: What does it mean to be unrecognised and unrepresented? https://unpo.org/article/21947. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 07/08/2022.
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O termo “whereas”, destacado em itálico sublinhado no excerto do segundo parágrafo: “whereas others are distinct peoples”, pode ser substituído, sem prejuízo de sentido, por
- A)meanwhile.
- B)while.
- C)wheresoever.
- D)thereby.
- E)henceforth.
ITA20231a faseQuestao 29InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasFacilLeia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
Since the early 1990s, an interesting phenomenon has emerged in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus – some states that, despite having their own government and state apparatus, lack international recognition. Even today, the struggle of these unrecognised states remains widely unknown. While these states have been the focus of much academic study, their very existence is often neglected by both the international community and societies in the West. In parallel, there exist in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus distinct peoples who have neither acquired recognised statehood nor any significant representation within their own countries – they are the so-called unrepresented peoples.
Today, the territory of the former Soviet Union in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus is somewhat unique for its relatively high concentration of unrecognised states and unrepresented peoples. Each of them has varying degrees of independence and autonomy. Some have de facto statehood, whereas others are distinct peoples with little to no representation or territorial autonomy. Although different, these peoples seem to have one common goal – self-determination.
The benefits of recognised statehood are numerous and often taken for granted – countries have access to various forms of international funding, for example from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF); their citizens can travel, assured that their passports will be accepted in another country; and they have a voice at international forums like the United Nations (UN), which can be an opportunity to influence international outcomes in their favour. Unrecognised states, on the other hand, are isolated internationally and can be forced to rely upon a patron state which offers them all kinds of help in exchange for their allegiance. This dependency on a patron-client relationship can lead to the client state being used as a political tool by its patron.
One key issue facing most unrecognised states is the restriction on movement imposed on their people. Because their de facto nationality is not recognised internationally, their locally-issued passports or travel documents are not considered valid for travel or entry into another country. The only way for them to travel abroad is to receive a passport from a neighbouring country, or to travel to the few countries that do recognise them. It happens that some people living in de facto states are entitled to other citizenships. In addition to unrecognised states, there also exists a number of unrepresented peoples – that is, distinct ethnic and linguistic groups that enjoy little or no representation both internationally and domestically. These peoples struggle even more for self-determination since they do not have their own autonomous territory. They find themselves even more vulnerable and are often at best ignored, or worse persecuted.
Fonte: What does it mean to be unrecognised and unrepresented? https://unpo.org/article/21947. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 07/08/2022.
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O termo “allegiance”, destacado em itálico sublinhado no excerto do terceiro parágrafo: “in exchange for their allegiance”, pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por
- A)allegation.
- B)loyalty.
- C)alienation.
- D)unfaithfulness.
- E)animosity.
ITA20231a faseQuestao 33InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasFacilLeia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
Conquistadores. By Fernando Cervantes. Viking; 512 pages; $35. Penguin, £12.99. A balanced retelling of the Spanish conquest of the Caribbean, Mexico and Peru, which draws heavily on the letters and diaries of those involved. The author chronicles the brutality of the invaders but seeks to judge them by the values of their own times. The behaviour of Hernán Cortés and the rest was nurtured by a late-medieval religious culture, not purely by the lure of gold and still less by modern notions of statehood, he argues.
News of a Kidnapping. By Gabriel García Márquez. Translated by Edith Grossman. Vintage; 304 pages; $17. Penguin; £8.99. An unsurpassed journalistic account by Colombia’s most famous novelist of the horror inflicted by Pablo Escobar, the murderous drug-trafficker from Medellín, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It focuses on the kidnapping of Diana Turbay, a journalist and daughter of a former president, tracing the agonising choices of officials torn between national interest and personal ties.
The Feast of the Goat. By Mario Vargas Llosa. Translated by Edith Grossman. Picador; 416 pages; $20. Faber & Faber; £8.99. Peru’s Nobel-prizewinning novelist is at his psychologically probing best in this fictionalised account of the moral corruption and political repression of the dictatorship of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, the self-styled Generalissimo who ruled the Dominican Republic from 1930 until his assassination in 1961.
Beef, Bible and Bullets. By Richard Lapper. Manchester University Press; 272 pages; $29.95 and £11.99. A readable account of how Jair Bolsonaro won Brazil’s presidency in the election of 2018 through a culture war that forged an ad hoc coalition of farmers, evangelical Protestants and the security forces.
Fonte: Our correspondents recommend the best books on their beats – Latin America. In: www.economist.com/culture /2022/07/14/our-correspondents-recommend-the-best-books-on-their-beats. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 14/07/2022.
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In the excerpt from the text “the dictatorship of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, the self-styled Generalissimo who ruled the Dominican Republic”, the underlined expression means that he
- A)was not proud of his military attire.
- B)gave himself the specific title.
- C)managed to be among the best Latin American generals.
- D)was chosen to represent the military power across Latin America.
- E)was a self-centred dictator.
ITA20221a faseQuestao 32InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasFacilLeia o texto a seguir para responder às questões 31 e 32.
Stupidity permeates our perception and practice of politics. We frequently accuse politicians, bureaucrats, journalists, voters, "elites," and "the masses" for their stupidities. In fact, it is not only "populist politicians," "sensational journalism," and "uneducated voters" who are accused of stupidity. Similar accusations can be, and in fact have been, made concerning those who criticize them as well. It seems that stupidity is ubiquitous, unable to be contained within or attributed to one specific political position, personal trait, or even ignorance and erroneous reasoning. Undertaking a theoretical investigation of stupidity, Nabutaka Otobe challenges the assumption that stupidity can be avoided. The author argues that the very ubiquity of stupidity implies its unavoidability — that we cannot contain it in such domains as error, ignorance, or "post-truth." What we witness is rather that one's reasoning can be sound, evidence-based, and stupid. In revealing this unavoidability, he contends that stupidity is an ineluctable problem not only of politics, but also of thinking. We become stupid because we think: it is impossible to distinguish a priori stupid thought from upright, righteous thought. Moreover, the failure to address the unavoidability of stupidity leads political theory to the failure to acknowledge the productive moments that experiences of stupidity harbor within. Such productive moments constitute the potential of stupidity — that radical new ideas can emerge out of our seemingly banal and stupid thinking in our daily political activity.
Fonte: https://www.routledge.com/. Publicado em 12/10/2020. Acesso em 20/08/2021.
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O termo "moreover", destacado em itálico no excerto do segundo parágrafo, "Moreover, the failure to address the unavoidability of stupidity leads political theory to the failure", pode ser substituído, sem prejuízo de significado, por
- A)furthermore.
- B)although.
- C)nevertheless.
- D)unlikely.
- E)even though.
ITA20221a faseQuestao 33InglêsVocabulário e expressões idiomáticasMediaLeia o texto a seguir para responder às questões 33 e 34.
Jaap Wagelaar was my all-time favorite secondary school teacher. He gave me a 10/10 for my oral Dutch literature exam, taught psychoanalysis during grammar class, astounded pupils with odd puppet show performances during lunch breaks and sadly ended his career with a burn-out. Few students and fellow teachers understood him. But since I trusted his judgment like nobody else's, I once asked him why Piet Paaltjens and Gerard Reve, both canonized Dutch literary figures, albeit of very divergent genres, could occasionally be kind or ironic but were more often rather cynical, cold and heartless. The response he gave has stuck with me ever since: cynical people are in fact the most emotional ones. Because of their sentimentality they are unable to handle injustice and feel forced to build up a self-protective screen against painful emotions called cynicism. Irony is mild, harmless and green. Sarcasm is biting and represents an orange traffic light. And the color of cynicism is deep red, with the shape of a grim scar that hides a hurt soul. They are all equally beautiful.
These words again came to my mind when thinking back on the dozens of ironic, sarcastic and cynical memes about underperforming politicians and policy scandals disseminated over the past year. Who has not seen the image of Donald Trump walking through a desolate, scorched forest mumbling to himself: 'My work here is almost done'? And who has missed the most recent true story tragicomedy played by Charles Michel, male President of the European Council, and Ursula von der Leyen, female President of the European Commission, who had jointly been invited by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to discuss the position of women in Turkey? Unfortunately, they were only offered one chair for two people, which was symbolically occupied by Michel who left Von der Leyen standing awkwardly for a while. She ended up settling for a place on the comfortable sofa reserved for second rank guests. It was damned easy to get addicted to these countless videos, photos, images and written parodies. Oh, did we have fun with them! Some were ironic, some sarcastic and others cynical, but they jointly sketch a disconcerting image of the quality and reputation of key politicians in liberal Western democracies.
Fonte: https://www.eur.nl/en/news/. Publicado em 16/04/2021. Acesso em 29/08/21. Adaptado.
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O termo "albeit", destacado em itálico no excerto do primeiro parágrafo, "both canonized Dutch literary figures albeit of very divergent genres", tem sentido equivalente a
- A)meanwhile.
- B)despite.
- C)whereas.
- D)indeed.
- E)through.