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EFOMM2025Dia 1Questao 3InglêsVocabulárioMedia
Text I Based on the text below, answer questions 1, 2 and 3.
Ships and seamanship
By Jan Bill
Although shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age Scandinavia were not fundamentally different from those in other parts of northern Europe, archaeological evidence shows that Viking ships were lighter, slimmer, faster, and thus probably better sailers than the heavier vessels used by the English and, presumably, the Franks at that time.
There are two main reasons for these differences. The first is geographical. In Scandinavia waterways and access to the sea were more important factors in determining the location of settlements than they were in other parts of northern Europe. In Norway and Sweden most people lived near the coast or around large lakes, while the forests and mountains were very sparsely settled. Inland waterways were not only sheltered; they were also routes to the sea. No part of Viking-Age Denmark was far from the sea; it was virtually an archipelago, joined to the Continent by a narrow strip of land, and separated from the interior of the great Scandinavian peninsula by a deep barrier of forest. These natural features also meant that the authority of many rulers in Viking-Age Scandinavia, unlike that of their contemporaries in Europe, to a large extent depended on ships and control of the sea. The extensive empire that Danish kings ruled at the end of the eighth century was to a significant degree based on naval power.
The second reason is historical. Scandinavia was sufficiently remote from the Romans and, later, the Franks for its political and religious life to flourish relatively unaffected by the transformations that occurred in other parts of Europe in the first millennium AD. One feature that survived was the central role of the ship as both a religious and secular symbol, a role that is illustrated by the fact that Bronze-Age stone ship-settings and metal representations of ships were already well developed over a thousand years before Christ. The symbolic significance of ships naturally led to refinements in their construction: a fine ship conferred prestige on its owner. In the clash between Christian and Nordic culture that occurred in the Viking Age, ship burials were more frequent than they had previously been,
implying that ships had acquired even greater significance as a religious symbol, at least among the pagans who resisted the advance of the new religion.
The symbolic and practical importance of ships in early Scandinavian society resulted in such improvements in ship design that Scandinavians were well equipped in comparison with other north Europeans. The contrast was all the greater because in many parts of Europe one of the main functions of ships had long been to carry cargoes, a purpose for which speed and elegance were not highly prized qualities. On the Atlantic and the North Sea Viking ships met the same challenges as the ships of the English, Frisians, and Franks, but they did so for different reasons.
(From: The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings.)
In what option the word ‘fine’ is used with the same meaning as in “[…] a fine ship conferred prestige on its owner.” Choose the correct option.
A)She has inherited her mother’s fine features.
B)Offenders will be liable to a heavy fine.
C)I was feeling fine when I got up this morning.
D)They have a well-stocked cellar full of fine wines.
E)The baby's head was covered in fine blond hair.
EFOMM2025Dia 1Questao 18InglêsVocabulárioMedia
Read the comic strip below. Choose the correct option. All the words below have the same meaning as “cleared up”, EXCEPT for
Imagens anexadas
A)to scorn
B)to fade away
C)to disappear
D)to vanish
E)to go missing
EFOMM2024Dia 1Questao 2InglêsVocabulárioMedia
Text I
Digital habits across generations
Today's grandparents are joining their grandchildren on social media, but the different generations' online habits couldn't be more different. In the UK the over-55s are joining Facebook in increasing numbers, meaning that they will soon be the site's second bigger used group, with 3.5 million users aged 55-64 and 2.9 million over-65s.
Sheila, aged 59, says, 'I joined to see what my grandchildren are doing, as my daughter posts videos and photos of them. It's a much better way to see what they're doing than waiting for letters and photos in the post. That's how we did it when I was a child, but I think I'm lucky I get to see so much more of their lives than my grandparents did.'
Ironically, Sheila's grandchildren are less likely to use Facebook themselves. Children under 17 in the UK are leaving the site - only 2.2 million uses are under 17 - but they're not going far from their smartphones. Chloe, aged 15, even sleeps with her phone. 'It's my alarm clock so I have to,' she says. 'I look at it before I go to sleep and as soon as I wake up.'
Unlike her grandmother's generation, Chloe's age group is spending so much time on their phones at home that they are missing out on spending time with their friends in real life. Sheila, on the other hand, has made contact with old friends from school she hasn't heard from in forty years. 'We use Facebook to arrange to meet all over the country,' she says. 'It's changed my social life completely.'
Teenagers might have their parents to thank for their smartphone and social media addiction as their parents were the early adopters of the smartphone.
Peter, aged 38 and father of two teenagers, reports that he used to be on his phone or laptop constantly. 'I was always connected and I felt like I was always working,' he says. 'How could I tell my kids to get off their phones if I was always in front of a screen myself?' So, in the evenings and at weekends, he takes his SIM card out of his smartphone and puts it into an old-style mobile phone that can only make calls and send text messages. 'I'm not completely cut off from the world in case of emergencies, but the important thing is I'm setting a better example to my kids and spending more quality time with them.' Is it only a matter of time until the generation above and below Peter catches up with the new trend for a less digital life?
(Adapted from: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/b1-reading/digital-habits-across-generations).
2ª Questão
"[...] Peter CATCHES UP WITH the new trend for a less digital life [...]". What other expression could replace it without prejudicing the sentence's meaning?
A)Outstrip.
B)Overwhelm.
C)Fall behind.
D)Pick up.
E)Reach.
EFOMM2024Dia 1Questao 9InglêsVocabulárioFacil
Text II
There will probably be more plastic in the ocean than fish by 2050
Marine trash has been harming marine life for a very long time. These negative effects hurt both people and animals. The International Union for Conservation of Nature estimates that people produce 300 million tonnes of plastic each year, at least 14 million of which end up in the ocean.
Although the effects of plastics on marine life have been discussed for a long time, not much has been done to help address the issue. National Geographic estimates that there are 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic trash in the ocean.
Scientists are concerned about the amount of plastic contamination as a result. Due to the amount of plastic in the water, it is now being questioned whether anything that comes out of it is suitable for human consumption. Because it impacts a lot of marine species in addition to human health, food safety, and climate change, plastic pollution in the oceans is a significant issue right now more than ever.
Microplastics are produced as a result of the degradation of plastics brought on by exposure to sunshine, weather, and other elements of nature. Animals that mistake plastic for food can easily consume microplastics. Because their bodies are unable to handle the amount of plastic being consumed, marine life is killed as a result of this mistake.
The World Wildlife Federation estimates that marine mammals affected by plastic pollution, such as turtles, seabirds, whales, fish, and dolphins, die 100,000 times per year as a result of ingestion or entanglement in plastic fishing gear. This number is likely to increase, as by 2050, there will probably be more plastic in the ocean than fish.
You can no longer label anything that emerges from the water as biological, according to Dr Jennifer Lavers, a zoologist at the University of Tasmania, who spoke with ABC Science. Fish ingest tonnes of plastic every year, and the more plastic pollution there is, the further up the food chain you go, the more likely it is that it will reach humans, especially those who eat seafood.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature reports that Microplastics are found in tap water, beer, and salt and are present in all samples collected in the world's oceans, including the Arctic.
Because some of the chemicals used to make plastic are hazardous to humans, microplastics are now present in many items that people use on a daily basis.
Contaminated plastics that have been consumed by marine life pose health dangers to humans.
Last year, scientists published a study with unexpected results. Human blood was found to include plastic, which is not where it should be. According to the researchers, plastic particles were discovered in 17 of the 22 anonymous, healthy adult participants' blood samples. A third of the samples had polystyrene, which is used for packaging food and other products, and half of the samples contained PET plastic, which is frequently used in beverage bottles. One-fourth of the blood samples contained polyethene, a material used to make plastic carrier bags, according to The Guardian.
This study proved that plastic is ingested by people and is found in everyday products. Scientists concur that these effects must be recognised because plastic production is only set to increase, even if there is still much to learn about the possible effects of plastic on humans.
Research has shown that plastics affect both people and marine life, and as more knowledge is gained, individuals will be able to take action to minimise the problem of plastic pollution.
One of the easiest and most direct ways that people can help the fight against plastic pollution is to reduce their usage of single-use plastics like plastic bags, straws, and cups. By carrying about reusable versions of such products and avoiding single-use plastic, people can make little changes that, with regular use, may have significant positive benefits.
(Abridged and adapted from: https://www.marineinsight.com/videos/wildlife-and-humankind-are-alarmingly-threatened-by-plastic-debris).
9ª Questão
Considering the text, the word "likely" in "This number is likely to increase [...]" (5th paragraph) means:
A)expected
B)in favor of
C)plausible
D)reasonable
E)promising
EFOMM2023Dia 1Questao 3InglêsVocabulárioMedia
Text I
Read the text below and mark questions 1, 2 and 3.
The invasion of Ukraine is causing crisis at sea
Russian ships have nowhere to dock, and supply chains will suffer.
The United Kingdom has banned Russian ships from calling on its ports, and the European Union (EU) is about to do the same. The world's three largest shipping lines will no longer call on Russian ports. Ukraine's ports are closed. Russian's invasion of Ukraine is wreaking havoc on global shipping, which transports 80 per cent of the world's trade. Ships are now sailing the oceans unable to deliver and pick up cargo while some 140 other merchant vessels are stuck in Ukrainian ports, at risk of coming under fire and with food and other provisions running low. The rest of the world should care about their desperate situation – if nothing else because the cargo they carry is crucial to our daily lives.
On March 1, the crude oil tanker NS Champion suddenly encountered an urgent problem. It was steering toward Scotland's Orkeney oil terminal. Like many other cargo vessels, the NS Champion sails under a Liberian flag, but it is owned by Sovcomflot, Russia's largest shipping company, and on Feb. 24 the U.S. government had placed the company under sanctions. Even so, the tanker had the right to make its next port of call, because sanctions don't affect ships that are already en route. But before it arrived, the British government announced it was immediately closing U.K. ports to Russian vessels. The Champion had to sail on, oil undelivered, to its next port of call, Denmark's Port of Skagen.
Very soon, it won't be able to deliver its oil there either. The EU is expected to imminently follow the U.K.'s lead and close its ports to vessels owned or operated by Russian companies or sailing under the Russian flag. Canada already has. Switzerland-based Mediterranean Shipping Company, the world's largest shipping company has announced that it's suspending all container traffic to and from Russia. So have the other two members of global shipping's top three, Denmark-based Maersk and France's CMA CGM. Singapore-based Ocean Network Express and Germany's Hapag-Lloyd had already made similar announcements. The companies will only make humanitarian deliveries, usually understood as food and medication.
That means Russia will be cut off from much of the world, able to send and receive goods only via primarily Asian shipping companies such as China's COSCO. Ukraine, meanwhile, has already been cut off. The week before the invasion, maritime insurers red-listed the Russian and Ukrainian parts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, making it difficult and expensive for ships to sail through the waters. When Russia invaded last month, Ukraine closed its ports. The country is already running low on oxygen and other medical supplies.
(Adapted from: foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/07/ukraine-shipping-supply-w...)
The invasion of Ukraine is wreaking havoc on global shipping. That means it _____________ international freight.
A)is fostering
B)is uplifting
C)is strengthening
D)is evolving
E)is ravaging
EFOMM2023Dia 1Questao 15InglêsVocabulárioDificil
In which option the use of the word "miss" is closest in meaning to the word in bold in the sentence below?
We can't miss seeing a squall coming, but it's not always obvious if it has our name on it.
A)I would like to know what causes an engine car to miss.
B)Perhaps there's something the police have missed.
C)I think I will give the barbecue a miss because I am on a diet.
D)Jane handled all her problems without missing a beat.
E)Another candidate has just taken this job, so I am afraid you have missed the boat.
EFOMM2020Dia 1Questao 3InglêsVocabulárioMedia
Based on the text below, answer questions 2, 3 and 4.
Are shipping containers the future of affordable housing?
Millions of people need homes. Millions of shipping containers are going unused. Could this be an answer to the global housing crisis? Cleveland Containers explore further.
England is facing a housing crisis. According to housing charity Shelter, more than 50,000 households a year are being forced out of their homes, and there are more than 9 million renters in unsecure rented accommodations.
The situation is shaky even for those who own their own homes. 28,900 homes were repossessed across the UK in 2013.
But this situation isn't unique to England. House prices are soaring across the world, which is placing home ownership out of reach for millions. And that's just in the developed world. Around 850 million people are currently living in “informal settlements”. In numerous rapidly urbanising cities, the average housing costs can be up to 200% of the net monthly income.
There is no single explanation as to why the world's facing a housing crisis, and there's no easy answer for how to solve it. But one major factor is a general dearth of good quality, affordable housing. Many developments in the housing market are focused on constructing high-end units that are expensive to build and out of the price range of most. This needs to change.
Desperate times often call for radical solutions. One thing the world isn't lacking is shipping containers. There may be up to 40 million shipping containers in the world right now, and experts believe that only six million are currently in use.
Who'd live in a shipping container?
Shipping containers are built to be strong, secure and practical. These are all sound benefits for storage and mass transit, but do they make for comfortable accommodation?
The idea of living in a shipping container might strike some as odd, unfeasible, impractical and maybe even a little unappealing. But it's important to think of shipping containers not as finished products, but as raw materials — as exoskeletons for future homes.
Because, really, there's no end to what you can do with a shipping container. They can easily be insulated and fitted with windows, doors, indoor partitions, electricity and running water — everything that's needed for human inhabitation. A single shipping container can be transformed into a cosy dwelling in no time at all. But if more space is needed, you can just stack multiple containers on top of each other.
And if you're really wondering whether people would be comfortable living in converted shipping containers, just consider the great reaction that greets shipping containers converted for retail use. They're thought of as cool, hip and quirky. When used as affordable housing, it's no stretch to say that many won't think of shipping containers as a last resort, so much as actively desirable.
(Abridged and adapted from https://www.openaccessgovernment.org)
In the excerpt “But one major factor is a general dearth of good quality, affordable housing.”, the word in bold means:
A)wealthy
B)paucity
C)surplus
D)amount
E)glut
EFOMM2020Dia 1Questao 9InglêsVocabulárioDificil
Mark the option which corresponds to the correct sentences.
I – The lady regularly assists the local mosque.
II – She is very particular about cleanliness.
III – It is difficult to access whether this is a new trend.
IV – As for Van Gogh, he was confined in a hospice for one reason; he was a madman.
V – Abstracts that summarise new research and findings will be given priority.
A)(I) and (II)
B)(II) and (V)
C)(III) and (V)
D)(II) and (IV)
E)(III) and (IV)
EFOMM2020Dia 1Questao 14InglêsVocabulárioMedia
Which is the correct option to replace the verb "reach" in the paragraph below so that the meaning remains the same?
Nowadays, it is difficult for parents to _____ their image of what ideal parenting should look like.
A)live up to
B)look down on
C)run out of
D)get away with
E)look in on
EFOMM2020Dia 1Questao 20InglêsVocabulárioFacil
Smartphones are rewiring our brains
With beeps, buzzes and chimes alerting us to crucial intelligences like the latest software updates we'll regret installing, and our work colleague's groundbreaking new profile picture, our mastery of concentration is slipping away. Focus is becoming a lost art. One study reported that adults between the ages of 18 and 33 interact with their phones an astounding 85 times a day, spending about 5 hours doing so. Interestingly, their usage was largely unconscious. They all thought they spent about half the time. For Larry Rosen, a psychologist at California State University, smartphones are really influencing our behavior.
Benjamim Storm, a psychologist at the University of California says: “The scope of the amount of information we have at our fingertips is beyond anything we've ever experienced. The temptation to become reliant on it seems to be greater”. One of his studies offered strong evidence that the more students were allowed to use the internet to answer questions, the more they were prone to continue to use the internet, even when the questions became easier. “Some people think memory is absolutely declining as a result of us using technology”, he says. “Others disagree”. Based on the current data, though, I don't think we can really make strong conclusions one way or the other”.
(Adapted and abridged from: http://www.cbc.ca)
In the excerpt “[...] the more they were prone to continue to use the internet [...]”, the word in bold means:
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